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Real-time comparison of 4 XRPL network configurations:

  1. DevNet - secp256k1, native tokens/AMM/DEX
  2. AlphaNet - secp256k1 + XLS-101d smart contracts
  3. AlphaNet-PQ - CRYSTALS-Dilithium post-quantum signatures
  4. L2 ZK-STARK Rollup - Dilithium + STARK proofs (this project)

Key metrics demonstrated: • L2 Hard Finality: thousands of TPS

(cryptographically proven via STARK)

• L2 Soft Finality: Instant sequencer confirmation • Proof Aggregation: 10 parallel provers → 1 aggregated STARK proof • Post-Quantum Security: Dilithium signatures + hash-based STARKs • GPU Acceleration: Apple Metal for FFT/Merkle operations

Running in TURBO+FAIR mode: • TURBO: Pre-signed signatures to eliminate signing bottleneck • FAIR: TX generation synchronized with prover (honest comparison)

Built with Rust, Winterfell STARK library, and Metal GPU compute.

TURBO mode is a benchmark optimization, not realistic operation.

In TURBO mode: // Pre-generate 20 signatures at startup let pre_signed: Vec<Vec<u8>> = keypairs.iter()

  .map(|(i, kp)| kp.sign(format!("TURBO-TX-{}", i).as_bytes()))
  .collect();

// Reuse these signatures for all TXs (cycling through them) let sig = &pre_signed[tx_counter % 20];

So we’re reusing pre-computed signatures, not signing each TX individually.

Why this matters:

  • Normal mode: ~1x TPS (Dilithium signing is the bottleneck)
  • TURBO mode: ~3x TPS (no signing overhead)

In a real L2:

  • Users sign their own TXs with their own keys (off-chain)
  • Sequencer receives pre-signed TXs (no signing needed on L2)
  • STARK proves the signatures were valid

So TURBO mode actually simulates real L2 behavior more accurately - the L2 sequencer doesn’t sign, it just verifies user-provided signatures and batches them for proving.

This visual shows Fair mode where all tests are done using the amount the provers can handle. This is therefor fair to all three other nets. It is also fairer because it requires you to perform all signs on machine and does not benefit from off-system signature prior to processing.